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Fish Oil has been shown to support:

Healthy Brain, Heart, Immune System, Joint Movement, Healthy Kidneys, Balanced Mood and Sense of Well Being, Strength and Stamina, and helps maintain cholesterol levels that are already within the normal range*.

Helps Support A Healthy Brain* Burgress, J. R., L. Stevens, and L. Peck. "Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." Am J Clin Nutr 71:327S-330S (2000). Connor, W. E., M. Neuringer, and D. S. Lin. "Dietary effects on brain fatty acid composition: The reversibility of n-3 fatty acids deficiency and turnover of docosahexaenoic acid in the brain erythrocytes and plasma of rhesus monkeys." J Lipid Res 31:237-247 (1990). Connor, W. E., M. Neuringer, and S. Reisbick. "Essential fatty acids: Importance of n-3 fatty acids in the retina and brain." Ntr Rev 50:21-29 (1992). Conquer, J. A., M. C. Tierney, J. Zecevic, W.J. Bettger, and R.H. Fisher. "Fatty acid analysis of blood plasma of patients with Alzheimer's disease, other types of dementia, and cognitive impairment." Lipids 35:1305-1312 (2000). Fenton W. ., Dickerson F., Boronow J., Hibbeln J. R., Knable M. “A placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acid (ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid) supplementation for residual symptoms and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.” Am J Psychiatry 158(12):2071-4 (2001). Gamoh, S., M. Hashimoto, K. Sugioka, S. Hossain, N. Hata, Y. Misawa, and S. Masumura. "Chronic administration of docosahexaenoic acid improves reference memory-related learning ability in young rats." Neurosci 93:237-241 (1999). Jones, C. R., T. Aria, and S. I. Rapoport. "Evidence for the involvement of docosahexaenoic acid in cholinergic simulated signal transduction at the synapse." J Neurochem Res 22:663-670 (1997). Katzman, R., and J. E. Jackson. "Alzheimer disease: Basic and clinical advances." J Am Geriatrics Soc 39:516-525 (1991). Kodas E., Page G., Zimmer L., Vancassel S., Guilloteau D., Durand G., Chalon S. "Neither the density nor function of striatal dopamine transporters were influenced by chronic n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency in rodents.” Neurosci Lett 321(1-2):95-9 (2002). Kyle, D. J., E. Schaefer, G. Patton, and A. Beiser. "Low serum docosahexaenoic acid is a significant risk factor for Alzheimer's dementia." Lipids 34:S245 (1999). Lauritzen, I., N. Blondeau, C. Heurteaux, C. Widmann, G. Romey, and M. Lazdunski. "Polyunsaturated fatty acids are potent neuroprotectors." EMBO J 19:1784-1793 (2000). Lauritzen, L., H. S. Hansen, M. H. Jorgensen, and K. F. Michaelsen. "The essentiality of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in relation to development and function of the brain and retina." Prog Lipid Res 40:1-94 (2001). Marangell L B, Martinez J M, Zboyan H A, Kertz B, Kim H F, Puryear L J. “A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of major depression.” Mood Disorders Center, Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Schiefermeier M., Yavin E. “n-3 Deficient and docosahexaenoic acid-enriched diets during critical periods of the developing prenatal rat brain.” J Lipid Res 43(1):124-31 (2002). Sonderberg, M., C. Edlund, K. Kristensson, and G. Dallner. "Fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids in aging and Alzheimer's disease." Lipids 26:421-423 (1991). Stevens, L. J., and J. Burgess. "Omega-3 fatty acids in boys with behavior, learning, and health problems." Physiol Behav 59:915-920 (1996). Stevens, L. J., S. S. Zentall, J. L. Deck, M. L. Abate, B. A. Watkins, S. A. Lipp, and J. R. Burgess. "Essential fatty acid metabolism in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." Am J Clin Nutr 62:761-768 (1995). Stordy, B. J. "Benefit of docosahexaenoic acid supplements to dark adaption in dyslexics." Lancet 346:385 (1995). Terano, T., S. Fujishiro, T. Ban, K. Yamamoto, T. Tanaka, Y. Noguchi, Y. Tamura, K. Yazawa, and T. Hirayama. "Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves moderately severe dementia from thromboitc cerebrovascular diseases. Lipids 34:S345-S346 (1999). Voigt, R. G., A. M. Llorente, C. L. Jensen, J. K. Fraley, M.C. Berretta, and W. C. Heird. "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." J Pediatr 139:189-196 (2001). Vance, H. E., R. B. Campenot, and D. E. Vance. "The synthesis and transport of lipids for axonal growth and nerve regeneration." Biochim Biophys Acta 1486:84-96 (2000). Yeh, Y. Y., M. F. Gehman, and S. M. Yeh. "Maternal dietary fish oil enriches docosahexaenoate levels in brain subcellular fractions of offspring." J Neurosci Res 35:218-226 (1993). Yehuda, S., S. Rabinovitz, R.L. Carasso, and D.I. Mostofsky. "Essential fatty acid preparation improves Alzheimer's patients' quality of life." Int J Neurosci 87:141-149 (1996). Willatts, P., J. S. Forsyth, M. K. DiModugno, S. Varma, and M. Colvin. “Effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant formula on problem solving at 10 months of age.” Lancet 352:688-691 (1998).
Helps Support A Healthy Heart*
Albert, C. M., C. H. Hennekens, C.I. O'Donnel, U. A. Ajani, V. J. Carey, and W. C. Willett. "Fish consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death." JAMA 279:23-28 (1998). Angerer P., Kothny W., Stork S., von Schacky C. “Effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on progression of atherosclerosis in carotid arteries.” Klinikum der Universitat Munchen, Institut und Poliklinik fur Arbeits- und Umweltmedizin-Innenstadt, Ziemssenstrasse 1, Germany. Appel, Lawrence J., et al. “Does supplementation of diet with "fish oil" reduce blood pressure?” Archives of Internal Medicine 153:1429-38 (1993). Christensen, J. H., M. S. Christensen, J. Dyerberg, and E. B. Schmidt. "Heart rate variability and fatty acid content of blood cell membranes: A dose-response study with n-3 fatty acids." Am J Clin Nutr 70:331-337 (1999). Christensen, Jeppe Hagstrup, et al. “Heart rate variability and fatty acid content of blood cell membranes: a dose-response study with n-3 fatty acids. “ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70:331-37 (1999). Christensen, Jeppe Hagstrup, et al. “Effect of fish oil on heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction. “ British Medical Journal 312:677-78 (1996). Christensen, Jeppe Hagstrup, et al. “Heart rate variability and fatty acid content of blood cell membranes: a dose-response study with n-3 fatty acids. “ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70:331-37 (1999). Dehmer, G. J., J. J. Popma, E. K. van den Berg, E. J. Eichorn, J. B. Prewitt, W. B. Campbell, L. Jennings, J. T. Willerson, and J. M. Schmitz. "reduction in the rate of early restenosis after coronary angioplasty by a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids." N Engl J Med 319:733-740 (1998). Engler M. M., Engler M. B., Pierson D. M., Molteni L. B., Molteni A. “Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on vascular pathology and reactivity in hypertension.” Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0610, USA. Eritsland, J., H. Arnesen, K. Bronseth, N. B. Fjeld, and M. Abdelnoor. "Effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on coronary artery bypass graft patency." Am J Cardio 77:31-36 (1996). Eritsland, J., et al. "Long-term effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on haemostatic variables and bleeding episodes in patients with coronary artery disease." Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis 6:17-22 (1995). Flaten, Hugo, et al. “Fish-oil concentrate: effects of variables related to cardiovascular disease.“ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52:300-06 (1990). Geelen A., Brouwer I. A., Zock P. L., Kors J. A., Swenne C. A., Katan M. B., Schouten E. G. “(N-3) fatty acids do not affect electrocardiographic characteristics of healthy men and women. J Nutr 132(10):3051-4 (2002). GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. "Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: Results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial." Lancet 354:447-455 (1999). Harris, W. S., and W. L. Isley. "Clinical trial evidence for the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 fatty acids." Curr Atheroscler Rep 3:174-197 (2001). Leaf, A., G. E. Billman, and H. Hallaq. "Prevention of ischemia-induced ventricular fibrillation by omega-3 fatty acids." Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 91:4427-4430 (1994). Leaf, A., and J. X. Kang. "Dietary n-3 fatty acids in the prevention of lethal cardiac arrhythmias." Curr Opin Lipidol 8:4-6 (1997). Leaf, A., J. X. Kang, Y F. Xiao, and G. E. Billman. "Dietary n-3 fatty acids in the prevention of cardiac arrhythmias." Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1:225-228 (1998). Marchioli, Roberto, et al. “Efficacy of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: results of GISSI-Prevenzione trial. “ Lipids 36:S119-S126 (2001). Marchioli, Roberto, et al. “Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of GISSI-Prevenzione. “ Circulation 105:1897-1903 (2002). Morris, Martha Clare, et al. “Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials.“ Circulation 88(2):523-33 (1993). Olszewski, A. J. "Fish oil decreases homocysteine in hyperlipidemic men." Coronary Artery Dis 4:53-60 (1993). Radack, K. C. Deck, and G. Huster. "Dietary supplementation with low-dose fish oils lowers fibrinogen levels." Ann Intern Med 11:757-758 (1989). Radack, Kenneth, et al. “The effects of low doses of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. “ Archives of Internal Medicine 151:1173-80 (1991). Rissanen, T. S. Voutilainen, K. Myyssonen, T.A. Lakka, and J. T. Salonen. "Fish oil-derived fatty acids, dodosahexaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid, and the risk of acute coronary events: The Kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study." Circulation 102:2677-2679 (2000). Singh, Ram B., et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 11:485-91 (1997). Von Schacky, C., P. Angerer, W. Kothny, K. Theisen, and H. Mudra. "The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial." Ann Intern Med 130:554-562 (1999). von Schacky, Clemens. n-3 fatty acids and the prevention of coronary atherosclerosis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71(suppl):S224-27S (2000).
Helps Support A Healthy Immune System*
Anti, Marcello, et al. “Effects of different doses of fish oil on rectal cell proliferation in patients with sporadic colonic adenomas.” Gastroenterology 107:1709-1718 (1994). Barber, M. D., J. A. Ross, A. C. Voss, M. J. Tisdale, and K. C. Fearon. "The effect of an oral nutritional supplement enriched with fish oil on weight-loss in patients with pancreatic cancer.” Br J Cancer 81:80-86 (1999). Barber, M. D., D. C. McMillan, T. Preston, J. A. Ross, and D. C. Fearon. "Metabolic response to feeding in weight-losing pancreatic cancer patients and its modulation by a fish-oil-enriched nutritional supplement." Clin Sci 98:389-399 (2000). Barber, M. D., and K. C. H. Fearon. "Tolerance and incorporation of a high-dose eicosapentaenoic acid diester emulsion by patients with pancreatic cancer cachexia." Lipids 36:347-351 (2001).l Bechoua, S., M. Dubois, G. Nemoz, P. Chapy, E. Vericel, M. Lagarde, and A. F. Prigent. "Very low dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids affects the immune function of healthy elderly people." Lipids 34:S143 (1999). Endres, S., R. Ghorbani, V. E. Kelley, K. Georgilis, G. Lonnemann, J. W. van der Meer, J. G. Cannon, T. S. Rogers, M. S. Klempner, P. C. Weber, et al. "The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells." N Engl J Med 320:265-271 (1989). Ergas D., Eilat E., Mendlovic S., Sthoeger Z. M. “n-3 fatty acids and the immune system in autoimmunity.” Isr Med Assoc J 4(1):34-8 (2002). Fernandez, E., L. Chatenoud, C. La Vecchia, E. Negri, S. Franceschi. "Fish consumption and cancer risk." Am J Clin Nutr 70:85-90 (1999). Gogos, C. A., P. Ginopoulos, B. Salsa, E. Apostolidou, N. C. Zoumbos, and F. Kalfarentzos. "Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids plus vitamin E restore immunodeficiency and prolong survival for severely ill patients with generalized malignancy: A randomized control trial." Cancer 82:395-402 (1998). Lee, T. H., R. L. Hoover, J. D. Williams, R. I. Sperling, J. Ravalese, B. W. Spur, D. R. Robinson, E. J. Corey, R. A. Lewis, and K. P Austen. "Effect of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on in vitro neurophil and monocyte leukotriene generation and neurophil function." N Engl J Med 312:1217-1224 (1985). Robinson, D. R. "Alleviation of autoimmune disease by dietary lipids containing omega-3 fatty acids." Rheum Dis Clin North Am 17:213-222 (1991). Robinson, D. R., L. L. Xu, S. Tateno, M. Guo, and R. E. Colvin. "Suppression of autoimmune disease by dietary n-3 fatty acids." J Lipid Res 34:1435-1444 (1993). Sperling, R. I. "The effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on neutrophils." Proc Nutr Soc 57:527-534 (1998). Terada S., Takizawa M., Yamamoto S., Ezaki O., Itakura H., Akagawa K. S. Suppressive mechanisms of EPA on human T cell proliferation.” Microbiol Immunol 45(6):473-81 (2001). Wigmore, S. J. M. D. Barber, J. A. Ross, M. J. Tisdale, and K. C. Fearon. "Effect of oral eicosapentaenoic acid on weight loss in patients with pancreatic cancer." Nutr Cancer 36:177-814 (2000).
Helps Maintain Cholesterol Levels That Are Already Within The Normal Range*
Caron M. F., White C. M. “Evaluation of the antihyperlipidemic properties of dietary supplements.” Pharmacotherapy 21(4):481-7 (2001).. Haglund, O., R. Wallin, R. Luostarinen, and T. Saldeen. "Effects of a new fluid fish oil concentration on triglycerides, cholesterol, fibrinogen, and blood pressure." J Intern Med 227:347-353 (1990). Harris, W. S. "N-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: Human studies." Am J Clin Nutr 65:1645S-1654S (1997). Harris, W. S. "N-3 Fatty acids and human lioprotein metabolism: An update." Lipids 34:S257-S258 (1999). Harris, W.S., H. N. Ginsberg, N. Arunakul, N. S. Shachter, S. L. Windsor, M. Adams, L. Berlund, and K. Osmundsen. "Safety and efficacy of Omacor in severe hypertriglyceridemia." J Cardiovasc Risk 4:385-392 (1997). Lichtenstein A. H , Ausman L. M., Jalbert S. M., Vilella-Bach M., Jauhiainen M., McGladdery S., Erkkila A. T., Ehnholm C., Frohlich J., Schaefer E. J. “Efficacy of a Therapeutic Lifestyle Change/Step 2 diet in moderately hypercholesterolemic middle-aged and elderly female and male subjects.” J Lipid Res 43(2):264-73 (2002). Nilsen D. W., Albrektsen G., Landmark K., Moen S., Aarsland T., Woie L. “Effects of a high-dose concentrate of n-3 fatty acids or corn oil introduced early after an acute myocardial infarction on serum triacylglycerol and HDL cholesterol.” Am J Clin Nutr 74(1):50-6 (2001). Puiggros C., Chacon P., Armadans L. I., Clapes J., Planas M. Effects of oleic-rich and omega-3-rich diets on serum lipid pattern and lipid oxidation in mildly hypercholesterolemic patients. Clin Nutr 21(1):79-87 (2002). Stark, K. D., E. J. Park, V. A. Maines, and B. J. Holub. "Effect of a fish-oil concentrate on serum lipids in postmenopausal women receiving and not receiving hormone replacement therapy in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial." Am J Clin Nutr 72:389-394 (2000). Villa B., Calabresi L., Chiesa G., Rise P., Galli C., Sirtori C. R. “Omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters increase heart rate variability in patients with coronary disease. “ Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Centre E. Grossi Paoletti, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
Helps Support Healthy Joint Movement*
Ariza-Ariza, R., M. Peralta-Mestanza, and M. H. Cardiel. "Omega-3 fatty acids in rheumatoid arthritis: An overview." Sem Arthr Rheum 27:366-370 (1998). Cleland, L. G., J. K. French, W. H. Betts, G. A. Murphy, and M. J. Elliott. "Clinical and biochemical effects of dietary fish oil supplements in rheumatoid arthritis." J Rheumatol 15:1471-1475 (1988). Curtis C. L., Rees S. G., Cramp J., Flannery C. R., Hughes C. E., Little C. B., Williams R., Wilson C., Dent C. M., Harwood J. L., Caterson B. “Effects of n-3 fatty acids on cartilage metabolism.” Proc Nutr Soc 61(3):381-9 (2002). Espersen, G. T., N. Grunnet, H. H. Lervang, G. L. Nielsen, B. S. Thomsen, K. L. Faarvang, J. Dyerberg, and E. Ernst. "Decreased interleukin-1 beta levels in plasma from rheumatoid arthritis patients after dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids." Clin Rheumatol 11:393-395 (1992). Fortin, Paul R., et al. “Validation of a meta-analysis: the effects of fish oil in rheumatoid arthritis. “ Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 48:1379-90 (1995). Geusens, P., C. Wouters, J. Nijs, Y. Jiang, and J. Dequeker. "Long-term effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis: A 12-month, double-blind, controlled study." Arthritis Rheum 37:824-829 (1994). Judex S., Wohl G. R., Wolff R. B., Leng W., Gillis A. M., Zernicke R. F. “Dietary fish oil supplementation adversely affects cortical bone morphology and biomechanics in growing rabbits.” Calcif Tissue Int 66(6):443-8 (2000). Kremer, J. M., D. A. Lawrence, W. Jubiz, R. DiGiacomo, R. Rynes, L. F. Bartholomew, and M. Sherman. "Dietary fish oil and olive oil supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical and immunologic effects." Arthritis Rheum 33:810-820 (1990). Kremer, J. M., D. A. Lawrence, G. F. Petrillo, L. L. Litts, P. M. Mullaly, R. J. Rynes, R. P. Stocker, N. Parhami, N. S. Greenstein, and B. R. Fuchs. "Effects of high-dose fish oil on rheumatoid arthritis after stopping nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Clinical and immune correslates." Arthritis Rheum 38:1107-1114 (1995). Kremer, J. M. "N-3 Fatty acid supplements in rheumatoid arthritis." Am J Clin Nutr 71:349S-351S (2000). Kremer, Joel M., et al. “Fish-oil fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis: A double-blinded, controlled, crossover study. “ Annals of Internal Medicine 106:497-503 (1987). Terano, T. "Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ingestion on bone metabolsim and osteoporosis." World Rev Nutr Diet 88:141-=147 (2001). Volker, Dianne, et al. “Efficacy of fish oil concentrate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. “ Journal of Rheumatology 27:2343-46 (2000).
Helps Support Healthy Kidneys*
Brown, S. A., C. A. Brown, W. A. Crowell, J. A. Barsanti, T. Allen, C. Cowell, and D. R. Finco. "Beneficial effects of chronic administration of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs with renal insufficiency." J Clin Lab Med 131:447-455 (1998). Brown, S. A., C. A. Brown, W. A. Crowell, J. A. Barsanti, C-W. Kang, T. Allen, C. Cowell, and D. R. Finco. "Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation in early renal insufficiency in dogs." J Lab Clin Med 135:275-286 (2000). Cappelli P., Di Liberato L., Stuard S., Ballone E., Albertazzi A. “N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in chronic progressive renal disease.” J Nephrol 10(3):157-62 (1997). Clark, W. F., A Parbtani, C. D. Naylor, C. M. Levinton, N. Muirhead, E. Spanner, M. W. Huff, D. J. Philbrick, and B. J. Holub. "Fish oil in lupus nephritis: Clinical findings and methodological implications." Kidney Int 44:75-86 (1993). Donadio, J. V., E. J. Bergstralh, K. P. Offord, D. C. Spencer, and D. E. Holley. "A controlled trial of fish oil in IgA nephropathy." N Engl J Med 331:1194-1199 (1994). Donadio, J. V., J. P. Grande, E. J. Bergstralh, R. A. Dart, T. S. Larson, and D. C. Spencer. "The long-term outcome of patients with IgA nephropathy treated with fish oil in a controlled trial." J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1772-1777 (1999). Lenin M., Thiagarajan A., Nagaraj M., Varalakshmi P. “Attenuation of oxalate-induced nephrotoxicity by eicosapentaenoate-lipoate (EPA-LA) derivative in experimental rat model.” Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Madras, India. Pettersson E. E., Rekola S., Berglund L., Sundqvist K. G., Angelin B., Diczfalusy U., Bjorkhem I., Bergstrom J. “Treatment of IgA nephropathy with omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study.” Clin Nephrol 41(4):183-90 (1994). Prickett, J. D., D. R. Robinson, and A. D. Steinberg. "Dietary enrichment with polyunsaturated acid eicosapentaenoic acid prevents proteinuria and prolongs survival in NZBxNZW F1 mice." J Clin Invest 68:556-559 (1981). Sulikowska B., Manitius J., Nieweglowski T., Szydlowska-lysiak W., Rutkowski B. “The effect of therapy with small doses of mega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on renal reserve and metabolic disturbances in patients with primary IGA glomerulopathy.” Pol Arch Med Wewn 108(2):753-60 (2002).
Helps Support Balanced Mood and Sense of Well Being*
Adams. P., S. Lawson, A. Sanigorski, and A.J. Sinclair. "Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression." Lipids 31:S157-S161 (1996). Burgress, J. R., L. Stevens, and L. Peck. "Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder." Am J Clin Nutr 71:327S-330S (2000). Hamazaki, T., S. Sawazaki, M. Itomura, E. Asaoka, Y. Nagao, N. Nishimura, K. Yazawa, T. Kuwamori, and M. Kobayashi. "The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in young adults." J Clin Invest 97:1129-1134 (1996). Hamazaki, T., S. Sawazaki, M. Itomura, Y. Nagao, A. Thienprasert, T. Nagasawa, and S. Watanabe. "Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on hostility." World Rev Nutr Diet 88:47-52 (2001). Hamazaki, T., S. Sawazaki, T. Nagasawa, Y. Nagao, Y Kanagawa, and K. Yazawa. "Administration of docosahexaenoic acid influences behavior and plasma catecholamine levels at time of psychological stress." Lipids 34:S33-S37 (1999). Hamazaki, T., M. Itomura, S. Sawazaki, and Y. Nagao. "Anti-stress effects of D. H. A." Biofactors 13:41-45 (2000). Hamazak T., Thienprasert A., Kheovichai K., Samuhaseneetoo S., Nagasawa T., Watanabe S. “The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in elderly Thai subjects--a placebo-controlled double-blind study.” Nutr Neurosc 5(1):37-41 (2002). Maes, M. "Fatty acid composition in major depression: Decreased n-3 fractions in cholesterol esters and increased C20:46/C20:5n3 ratio in cholester ester and phosopholipds. J Affect Dis 38:35-46 (1996). Maes, M., A Christophe, J. Delanghe, C. Altamura, H. Neels, and H.Y. Meltzer. "Lowered omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids and cholesterol esters of depressed patients." Psychiatry Res 85:275-291 (1999). Mills, D. E., K. M. Prkochin, K. A. Harvey, and R. P. Ward. "Dietary fatty acid supplementation alters stress reactvity and performance in man." J Human Hypertension 3:111-116 (1989). Peet, M., J. Brind, C. N. Ramchand, S. Shah, and G. K. Vankar. "Two double-blind placebo-controlled pilot studies of eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia." Schizophr Res 49:243-251 (2001). Richardson, A.J., et al. “Red cell and plasma fatty acid changes accompanying symptom remission in a patient with schizophrenia treated with eicosapentaenoic acid. “ European Neuropsychopharmacology 10 :189-93 (2000). Stoll, Andrew L., et al. “Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder.” Archives of General Psychiatry 56:407-12 (1999). Stoll, A. L., E. Severus, M. P. Freeman, S. Reuter, H. A. Zhoyan, E. Diamond, K. K. Cress, and L. B. Marangell. "Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar depression: A preliminary double-blind placebo-controlled trial." Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:407-412 (1999). Voigt, R. G., A. M. Llorente, C. L. Jensen, J. K. Fraley, M.C. Berretta, and W. C. Heird. "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." J Pediatr 139:189-196 (2001). Yehuda, S., S. Rabinovitz, R. L. Carasso, and D. I. Mostofsky. "Essential Fatty acid preparation improves Alzheimer's patients' quality of life." Int J Neurosci 87:141-149 (1996).
Helps Support Strength and Stamina *
Bruckner, G., P. Webb, L. Greenwell, C. Chow, and D. Richardson. "Fish oil increases peripheral capillary blood cell velocity in humans." Atherosclerosis 66:237-245 (1987). Muoio, D. M., J. J. Leddy, P. J. Horvath, A. B. Awad, and D. R. Pendergast. "Effect of dietary fat on metabolic adjustments to maximal VO2 and endurance in runner." Med Sci Sports Exerc 26:81-88 (1994). Pendergast, D. R., P. J. Horvath, J. J. Leddy, and J. T. Venkatraman. "The role of dietary fat in performance, metabolism, and health." Am J Sports Med 24:S53-S58 (1996). Raastad T., Hostmark A. T., Stromme S. B. “Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation does not improve maximal aerobic power, anaerobic threshold and running performance in well-trained soccer players.” Scand J Med Sci Sports 7(1):25-31 (1997). Salachas, Anastasios, et al. “Effects of low-dose fish oil concentrate on angina, exercise tolerance time, serum triglycerides, and platelet function. “ Angiology 45:1023-31 (1994).